Focal dystonias
BlepharospasmDystonia that affects the muscles of the eyelids and brow
Cervical dystonia - spasmodic torticollis
Dystonia that affects the neck and sometimes the shoulders
Oromandibular dystonia - cranial dystonia
Symptoms include forceful contractions of the face, jaw, and/or tongue
Laryngeal dystonia - spasmodic dysphonia
Dystonia that affects the vocal cords
Hand dystonia - writer’s cramp
Dystonia of the fingers, hand, and/or forearm
Musicians'dystonias
Hand dystonia | Embouchure dystonia
Musicians With Dystonia
Early-onset generalized dystonia - DYT1 and non-DYT1
Early-onset generalized dystonia is characterized by the twisting of the limbs and torso
Dopa-responsive dystonia
A group of dystonias that respond to a medication called levodop
Myoclonic dystonia
A hereditary form of dystonia that includes prominent myoclonus symptoms
Paroxysmal dystonias and dyskinesias
Episodic movement disorders in which abnormal movements occur only during attacks
X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism
A hereditary form of dystonia that includes symptoms parkinsonism
Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism
A hereditary form of dystonia that includes symptoms of parkinsonism
Secondary dystonias
Dystonia that is triggered by factors such as trauma, medication exposure, toxins
Trauma
Dystonia may follow trauma to the head and/or to a specific body area
Drug-induced
Specific drugs are capable of causing dystonia
Toxins
Several rare toxins are known to cause movement disorders
Neurological and metabolic disorders
Dystonia can occur as a symptom of multiple disorders
Psychogenic dystonia
Dystonia that is secondary to psychological disturbances
